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      • 1a: Basic Arithmetic
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      • 1c: Molds and Mold-Builders
      • 2a: Unit Logic
      • 2b: List Logic
      • 2c: Bit Arithmetic
      • 2d: Bit Logic
      • 2e: Insecure Hashing
      • 2f: Noun Ordering
      • 2g: Unsigned Powers
      • 2h: Set Logic
      • 2i: Map Logic
      • 2j: Jar and Jug Logic
      • 2k: Queue Logic
      • 2l: Container from Container
      • 2m: Container from Noun
      • 2n: Functional Hacks
      • 2o: Normalizing Containers
      • 2p: Serialization
      • 2q: Molds and Mold-Builders
      • 3a: Modular and Signed Ints
      • 3b: Floating Point
      • 3c: Urbit Time
      • 3d: SHA Hash Family
      • 3e: AES encryption (Removed)
      • 3f: Scrambling
      • 3g: Molds and Mold-Builders
      • 4a: Exotic Bases
      • 4b: Text Processing
      • 4c: Tank Printer
      • 4d: Parsing (Tracing)
      • 4e: Parsing (Combinators)
      • 4f: Parsing (Rule-Builders)
      • 4g: Parsing (Outside Caller)
      • 4h: Parsing (ASCII Glyphs)
      • 4i: Parsing (Useful Idioms)
      • 4j: Parsing (Bases and Base Digits)
      • 4k: Atom Printing
      • 4l: Atom Parsing
      • 4m: Formatting Functions
      • 4n: Virtualization
      • 4o: Molds
      • 5a: Compiler Utilities
      • 5b: Macro Expansion
      • 5c: Compiler Backend & Prettyprinter
      • 5d: Parser
      • 5e: Molds and mold builders
      • 5f: Profiling support
      • Runes

        • Atoms and strings
        • Nock . ('dot')
        • Wild ! ('zap')
        • Change Subject = ('tis')
        • Conditionals ? ('wut')
        • Cores | ('bar')
        • Arms + ('lus')
        • Cells : ('col')
        • Calls % ('cen')
        • Casts ^ ('ket')
        • Structures $ ('buc')
        • Make ; ('mic')
        • Hints ~ ('sig')
        • Imports / ('fas')
        • Terminators -- and ==
        • Limbs and wings

          • Limbs
          • Wings
          • Zuse

            • Table of Contents
            • 2d(1-5): To JSON, Wains
            • 2d(6): From JSON
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            • 2e(2-3): Print & Parse JSON
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                                                Urbit Developers
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                                                  • Advanced Types
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                                                  • Standard Library

                                                    • 1a: Basic Arithmetic
                                                    • 1b: Tree Addressing
                                                    • 1c: Molds and Mold-Builders
                                                    • 2a: Unit Logic
                                                    • 2b: List Logic
                                                    • 2c: Bit Arithmetic
                                                    • 2d: Bit Logic
                                                    • 2e: Insecure Hashing
                                                    • 2f: Noun Ordering
                                                    • 2g: Unsigned Powers
                                                    • 2h: Set Logic
                                                    • 2i: Map Logic
                                                    • 2j: Jar and Jug Logic
                                                    • 2k: Queue Logic
                                                    • 2l: Container from Container
                                                    • 2m: Container from Noun
                                                    • 2n: Functional Hacks
                                                    • 2o: Normalizing Containers
                                                    • 2p: Serialization
                                                    • 2q: Molds and Mold-Builders
                                                    • 3a: Modular and Signed Ints
                                                    • 3b: Floating Point
                                                    • 3c: Urbit Time
                                                    • 3d: SHA Hash Family
                                                    • 3e: AES encryption (Removed)
                                                    • 3f: Scrambling
                                                    • 3g: Molds and Mold-Builders
                                                    • 4a: Exotic Bases
                                                    • 4b: Text Processing
                                                    • 4c: Tank Printer
                                                    • 4d: Parsing (Tracing)
                                                    • 4e: Parsing (Combinators)
                                                    • 4f: Parsing (Rule-Builders)
                                                    • 4g: Parsing (Outside Caller)
                                                    • 4h: Parsing (ASCII Glyphs)
                                                    • 4i: Parsing (Useful Idioms)
                                                    • 4j: Parsing (Bases and Base Digits)
                                                    • 4k: Atom Printing
                                                    • 4l: Atom Parsing
                                                    • 4m: Formatting Functions
                                                    • 4n: Virtualization
                                                    • 4o: Molds
                                                    • 5a: Compiler Utilities
                                                    • 5b: Macro Expansion
                                                    • 5c: Compiler Backend & Prettyprinter
                                                    • 5d: Parser
                                                    • 5e: Molds and mold builders
                                                    • 5f: Profiling support
                                                    • Runes

                                                      • Atoms and strings
                                                      • Nock . ('dot')
                                                      • Wild ! ('zap')
                                                      • Change Subject = ('tis')
                                                      • Conditionals ? ('wut')
                                                      • Cores | ('bar')
                                                      • Arms + ('lus')
                                                      • Cells : ('col')
                                                      • Calls % ('cen')
                                                      • Casts ^ ('ket')
                                                      • Structures $ ('buc')
                                                      • Make ; ('mic')
                                                      • Hints ~ ('sig')
                                                      • Imports / ('fas')
                                                      • Terminators -- and ==
                                                      • Limbs and wings

                                                        • Limbs
                                                        • Wings
                                                        • Zuse

                                                          • Table of Contents
                                                          • 2d(1-5): To JSON, Wains
                                                          • 2d(6): From JSON
                                                          • 2d(7): From JSON (unit)
                                                          • 2e(2-3): Print & Parse JSON
                                                        • Arvo

                                                          • Overview
                                                          • Ames

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                                                            • Cryptography
                                                            • API Reference
                                                            • Scry Reference
                                                            • Data Types
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                                                                            • Gall

                                                                              • Start Thread
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                                                                              • Examples

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                                                                                    • Filesystem Hierarchy
                                                                                  • Nock

                                                                                    • Nock Definition
                                                                                    • Explanation
                                                                                    • Example
                                                                                    • Implementations
                                                                                    • Vere

                                                                                      • C Runtime System
                                                                                      • Land of Nouns
                                                                                      • API overview by prefix
                                                                                      • C in Urbit
                                                                                      • Writing Jets
                                                                                      • Cryptography
                                                                                      • Azimuth

                                                                                        • Overview
                                                                                        • Urbit HD Wallet
                                                                                        • Azimuth Data Flow
                                                                                        • Azimuth.eth
                                                                                        • Ecliptic.eth
                                                                                        • Advanced Azimuth Tools
                                                                                        • Life and Rift
                                                                                        • Layer 2

                                                                                          • Layer 2 Overview
                                                                                          • Layer 2 Actions
                                                                                          • Transaction Format
                                                                                          • Rollers
                                                                                          • Roller HTTP RPC-API
                                                                                          • Custom Roller Tutorial
                                                                                        • Glossary

                                                                                          • Agent
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                                                                                          • Aqua
                                                                                          • Arm
                                                                                          • Arvo
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                                                                                          • Bridge
                                                                                          • Bunt
                                                                                          • Card
                                                                                          • Case
                                                                                          • Cask
                                                                                          • Cell
                                                                                          • Censures
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                                                                                          • Cold atom
                                                                                          • Comet
                                                                                          • Commit
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                                                                                          • Context
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                                                                                          • Core
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                                                                                          • Document Proposal
                                                                                          • Dojo
                                                                                          • Door
                                                                                          • Double-boot
                                                                                          • Dry Gate
                                                                                          • Duct
                                                                                          • Ecliptic
                                                                                          • Entropy
                                                                                          • Event Log
                                                                                          • Eyre
                                                                                          • Face
                                                                                          • Fact
                                                                                          • Foo Bar Baz
                                                                                          • Galaxy
                                                                                          • Gall
                                                                                          • Garden
                                                                                          • Gate
                                                                                          • Generator
                                                                                          • Gift
                                                                                          • Glob
                                                                                          • HD Wallet
                                                                                          • Helm
                                                                                          • Hood
                                                                                          • Hoon
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                                                                                              Reference/Hoon/Standard Library

                                                                                              5a: Compiler Utilities

                                                                                              These functions are used internally by the compiler. They should not be used directly and are only listed here for completeness.

                                                                                              ++musk

                                                                                              Nock with block set

                                                                                              Source

                                                                                              This function is extremely large, please refer to hoon.hoon for the source.


                                                                                              ++bool

                                                                                              Make loobean

                                                                                              Source

                                                                                              ++ bool `type`(fork [%atom %f `0] [%atom %f `1] ~)

                                                                                              ++cell

                                                                                              Make %cell type

                                                                                              Source

                                                                                              ++ cell
                                                                                              ~/ %cell
                                                                                              |= [hed=type tal=type]
                                                                                              ^- type
                                                                                              ?:(=(%void hed) %void ?:(=(%void tal) %void [%cell hed tal]))

                                                                                              ++core

                                                                                              Make %core type

                                                                                              Source

                                                                                              ++ core
                                                                                              ~/ %core
                                                                                              |= [pac=type con=coil]
                                                                                              ^- type
                                                                                              ?:(=(%void pac) %void [%core pac con])

                                                                                              ++hint

                                                                                              Make %hint type

                                                                                              Source

                                                                                              ++ hint
                                                                                              |= [p=(pair type note) q=type]
                                                                                              ^- type
                                                                                              ?: =(%void q) %void
                                                                                              ?: =(%noun q) %noun
                                                                                              [%hint p q]

                                                                                              ++face

                                                                                              Make %face type

                                                                                              Source

                                                                                              ++ face
                                                                                              ~/ %face
                                                                                              |= [giz=$@(term tune) der=type]
                                                                                              ^- type
                                                                                              ?: =(%void der)
                                                                                              %void
                                                                                              [%face giz der]

                                                                                              ++fork

                                                                                              Make %fork type

                                                                                              Source

                                                                                              ++ fork
                                                                                              ~/ %fork
                                                                                              |= yed=(list type)
                                                                                              =| lez=(set type)
                                                                                              |- ^- type
                                                                                              ?~ yed
                                                                                              ?~ lez %void
                                                                                              ?: ?=([* ~ ~] lez) n.lez
                                                                                              [%fork lez]
                                                                                              %= $
                                                                                              yed t.yed
                                                                                              lez
                                                                                              ?: =(%void i.yed) lez
                                                                                              ?: ?=([%fork *] i.yed) (~(uni in lez) p.i.yed)
                                                                                              (~(put in lez) i.yed)
                                                                                              ==

                                                                                              ++cove

                                                                                              Extract [0 *] axis

                                                                                              Source

                                                                                              ++ cove
                                                                                              |= nug=nock
                                                                                              ?- nug
                                                                                              [%0 *] p.nug
                                                                                              [%11 *] $(nug q.nug)
                                                                                              * ~_(leaf+"cove" !!)
                                                                                              ==

                                                                                              ++comb

                                                                                              Combine two formulas

                                                                                              Source

                                                                                              ++ comb
                                                                                              ~/ %comb
                                                                                              |= [mal=nock buz=nock]
                                                                                              ^- nock
                                                                                              ?: ?&(?=([%0 *] mal) !=(0 p.mal))
                                                                                              ?: ?&(?=([%0 *] buz) !=(0 p.buz))
                                                                                              [%0 (peg p.mal p.buz)]
                                                                                              ?: ?=([%2 [%0 *] [%0 *]] buz)
                                                                                              [%2 [%0 (peg p.mal p.p.buz)] [%0 (peg p.mal p.q.buz)]]
                                                                                              [%7 mal buz]
                                                                                              ?: ?=([^ [%0 %1]] mal)
                                                                                              [%8 p.mal buz]
                                                                                              ?: =([%0 %1] buz)
                                                                                              mal
                                                                                              [%7 mal buz]

                                                                                              ++cond

                                                                                              ?: compile

                                                                                              Source

                                                                                              ++ cond
                                                                                              ~/ %cond
                                                                                              |= [pex=nock yom=nock woq=nock]
                                                                                              ^- nock
                                                                                              ?- pex
                                                                                              [%1 %0] yom
                                                                                              [%1 %1] woq
                                                                                              * [%6 pex yom woq]
                                                                                              ==

                                                                                              ++cons

                                                                                              Make formula cell

                                                                                              Source

                                                                                              ++ cons
                                                                                              ~/ %cons
                                                                                              |= [vur=nock sed=nock]
                                                                                              ^- nock
                                                                                              :: this optimization can remove crashes which are essential
                                                                                              ::
                                                                                              :: ?: ?=([[%0 *] [%0 *]] +<)
                                                                                              :: ?: ?&(=(+(p.vur) p.sed) =((div p.vur 2) (div p.sed 2)))
                                                                                              :: [%0 (div p.vur 2)]
                                                                                              :: [vur sed]
                                                                                              ?: ?=([[%1 *] [%1 *]] +<)
                                                                                              [%1 p.vur p.sed]
                                                                                              [vur sed]

                                                                                              ++fitz

                                                                                              Aura compatibility

                                                                                              Source

                                                                                              ++ fitz
                                                                                              ~/ %fitz
                                                                                              |= [yaz=term wix=term]
                                                                                              =+ ^= fiz
                                                                                              |= mot=@ta ^- [p=@ q=@ta]
                                                                                              =+ len=(met 3 mot)
                                                                                              ?: =(0 len)
                                                                                              [0 %$]
                                                                                              =+ tyl=(rsh [3 (dec len)] mot)
                                                                                              ?: &((gte tyl 'A') (lte tyl 'Z'))
                                                                                              [(sub tyl 64) (end [3 (dec len)] mot)]
                                                                                              [0 mot]
                                                                                              =+ [yoz=(fiz yaz) wux=(fiz wix)]
                                                                                              ?& ?| =(0 p.yoz)
                                                                                              =(0 p.wux)
                                                                                              &(!=(0 p.wux) (lte p.wux p.yoz))
                                                                                              ==
                                                                                              |- ?| =(%$ p.yoz)
                                                                                              =(%$ p.wux)
                                                                                              ?& =((end 3 p.yoz) (end 3 p.wux))
                                                                                              $(p.yoz (rsh 3 p.yoz), p.wux (rsh 3 p.wux))
                                                                                              ==
                                                                                              ==
                                                                                              ==

                                                                                              ++flan

                                                                                              Loobean &

                                                                                              Source

                                                                                              ++ flan
                                                                                              ~/ %flan
                                                                                              |= [bos=nock nif=nock]
                                                                                              ^- nock
                                                                                              ?: =(bos nif) bos
                                                                                              ?: =([%0 0] bos) nif
                                                                                              ?: =([%0 0] nif) bos
                                                                                              ?- bos
                                                                                              [%1 %1] bos
                                                                                              [%1 %0] nif
                                                                                              *
                                                                                              ?- nif
                                                                                              [%1 %1] nif
                                                                                              [%1 %0] bos
                                                                                              * [%6 bos nif [%1 1]]
                                                                                              ==
                                                                                              ==

                                                                                              ++flip

                                                                                              Loobean negation

                                                                                              Source

                                                                                              ++ flip
                                                                                              ~/ %flip
                                                                                              |= dyr=nock
                                                                                              ?: =([%0 0] dyr) dyr
                                                                                              [%6 dyr [%1 1] [%1 0]]

                                                                                              ++flor

                                                                                              Loobean |

                                                                                              Source

                                                                                              ++ flor
                                                                                              ~/ %flor
                                                                                              |= [bos=nock nif=nock]
                                                                                              ^- nock
                                                                                              ?: =(bos nif) bos
                                                                                              ?: =([%0 0] bos) nif
                                                                                              ?: =([%0 0] nif) bos
                                                                                              ?- bos
                                                                                              [%1 %1] nif
                                                                                              [%1 %0] bos
                                                                                              *
                                                                                              ?- nif
                                                                                              [%1 %1] bos
                                                                                              [%1 %0] nif
                                                                                              * [%6 bos [%1 0] nif]
                                                                                              ==
                                                                                              ==

                                                                                              ++hike

                                                                                              Compiler utility

                                                                                              Source

                                                                                              ++ hike
                                                                                              ~/ %hike
                                                                                              |= [a=axis pac=(list (pair axis nock))]
                                                                                              |^ =/ rel=(map axis nock) (roll pac insert)
                                                                                              =/ ord=(list axis) (sort ~(tap in ~(key by rel)) gth)
                                                                                              |- ^- nock
                                                                                              ?~ ord
                                                                                              [%0 a]
                                                                                              =/ b=axis i.ord
                                                                                              =/ c=nock (~(got by rel) b)
                                                                                              =/ d=nock $(ord t.ord)
                                                                                              [%10 [b c] d]
                                                                                              ::
                                                                                              ++ contains
                                                                                              |= [container=axis contained=axis]
                                                                                              ^- ?
                                                                                              =/ big=@ (met 0 container)
                                                                                              =/ small=@ (met 0 contained)
                                                                                              ?: (lte small big) |
                                                                                              =/ dif=@ (sub small big)
                                                                                              =(container (rsh [0 dif] contained))
                                                                                              ::
                                                                                              ++ parent
                                                                                              |= a=axis
                                                                                              `axis`(rsh 0 a)
                                                                                              ::
                                                                                              ++ sibling
                                                                                              |= a=axis
                                                                                              ^- axis
                                                                                              ?~ (mod a 2)
                                                                                              +(a)
                                                                                              (dec a)
                                                                                              ::
                                                                                              ++ insert
                                                                                              |= [e=[axe=axis fol=nock] n=(map axis nock)]
                                                                                              ^- (map axis nock)
                                                                                              ?: =/ a=axis axe.e
                                                                                              |- ^- ?
                                                                                              ?: =(1 a) |
                                                                                              ?: (~(has by n) a)
                                                                                              &
                                                                                              $(a (parent a))
                                                                                              :: parent already in
                                                                                              n
                                                                                              =. n
                                                                                              :: remove children
                                                                                              %+ roll ~(tap by n)
                                                                                              |= [[axe=axis fol=nock] m=_n]
                                                                                              ?. (contains axe.e axe) m
                                                                                              (~(del by m) axe)
                                                                                              =/ sib (sibling axe.e)
                                                                                              =/ un (~(get by n) sib)
                                                                                              ?~ un (~(put by n) axe.e fol.e)
                                                                                              :: replace sibling with parent
                                                                                              %= $
                                                                                              n (~(del by n) sib)
                                                                                              e :- (parent sib)
                                                                                              ?: (gth sib axe.e)
                                                                                              (cons fol.e u.un)
                                                                                              (cons u.un fol.e)
                                                                                              ==
                                                                                              --

                                                                                              ++jock

                                                                                              Compiler utility

                                                                                              Source

                                                                                              ++ jock
                                                                                              |= rad=?
                                                                                              |= lot=coin ^- hoon
                                                                                              ?- -.lot
                                                                                              ~
                                                                                              ?:(rad [%rock p.lot] [%sand p.lot])
                                                                                              ::
                                                                                              %blob
                                                                                              ?: rad
                                                                                              [%rock %$ p.lot]
                                                                                              ?@(p.lot [%sand %$ p.lot] [$(p.lot -.p.lot) $(p.lot +.p.lot)])
                                                                                              ::
                                                                                              %many
                                                                                              [%cltr (turn p.lot |=(a=coin ^$(lot a)))]
                                                                                              ==

                                                                                              ++look

                                                                                              Compiler utility

                                                                                              Source

                                                                                              ++ look
                                                                                              ~/ %look
                                                                                              |= [cog=term dab=(map term hoon)]
                                                                                              =+ axe=1
                                                                                              |- ^- (unit [p=axis q=hoon])
                                                                                              ?- dab
                                                                                              ~ ~
                                                                                              ::
                                                                                              [* ~ ~]
                                                                                              ?:(=(cog p.n.dab) [~ axe q.n.dab] ~)
                                                                                              ::
                                                                                              [* ~ *]
                                                                                              ?: =(cog p.n.dab)
                                                                                              [~ (peg axe 2) q.n.dab]
                                                                                              ?: (gor cog p.n.dab)
                                                                                              ~
                                                                                              $(axe (peg axe 3), dab r.dab)
                                                                                              ::
                                                                                              [* * ~]
                                                                                              ?: =(cog p.n.dab)
                                                                                              [~ (peg axe 2) q.n.dab]
                                                                                              ?: (gor cog p.n.dab)
                                                                                              $(axe (peg axe 3), dab l.dab)
                                                                                              ~
                                                                                              ::
                                                                                              [* * *]
                                                                                              ?: =(cog p.n.dab)
                                                                                              [~ (peg axe 2) q.n.dab]
                                                                                              ?: (gor cog p.n.dab)
                                                                                              $(axe (peg axe 6), dab l.dab)
                                                                                              $(axe (peg axe 7), dab r.dab)
                                                                                              ==

                                                                                              ++loot

                                                                                              Compiler utility

                                                                                              Source

                                                                                              ++ loot
                                                                                              ~/ %loot
                                                                                              |= [cog=term dom=(map term tome)]
                                                                                              =+ axe=1
                                                                                              |- ^- (unit [p=axis q=hoon])
                                                                                              ?- dom
                                                                                              ~ ~
                                                                                              ::
                                                                                              [* ~ ~]
                                                                                              %+ bind (look cog q.q.n.dom)
                                                                                              |=((pair axis hoon) [(peg axe p) q])
                                                                                              ::
                                                                                              [* ~ *]
                                                                                              =+ yep=(look cog q.q.n.dom)
                                                                                              ?^ yep
                                                                                              [~ (peg (peg axe 2) p.u.yep) q.u.yep]
                                                                                              $(axe (peg axe 3), dom r.dom)
                                                                                              ::
                                                                                              [* * ~]
                                                                                              =+ yep=(look cog q.q.n.dom)
                                                                                              ?^ yep
                                                                                              [~ (peg (peg axe 2) p.u.yep) q.u.yep]
                                                                                              $(axe (peg axe 3), dom l.dom)
                                                                                              ::
                                                                                              [* * *]
                                                                                              =+ yep=(look cog q.q.n.dom)
                                                                                              ?^ yep
                                                                                              [~ (peg (peg axe 2) p.u.yep) q.u.yep]
                                                                                              =+ pey=$(axe (peg axe 6), dom l.dom)
                                                                                              ?^ pey pey
                                                                                              $(axe (peg axe 7), dom r.dom)
                                                                                              ==

                                                                                              <-

                                                                                              4o: Molds

                                                                                              5b: Macro Expansion

                                                                                              ->

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                                                                                              Last modified October 31, 2022